The legend of the six rural labourers who were transported to Australia in 1834 for swearing an oath of solidarity is celebrated as the foundation of the modern trade union movement. In his introduction to this new edition of Doc Evatt’s brilliant account, Geoffrey Robertson QC notes that the case stood for something different, and something very frightening: that oppression and cruelty do not always fail. Indeed, they sometimes succeed beyond the hopes of the oppressors. The labourers suffered no violence ‘save the extreme and horrible violence of the law itself’. The true lesson from the story of the Tolpuddle Martyrs is that societies need guarantees to prevent ‘injustice within the law’. The Tolpuddle Martyrs inspired Doc Evatt’s support for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Robertson argues that it should inspire the Australian government to legislate for a bill of rights today.